When you trigger a task, it isn’t executed immediately. Instead, the task run is placed into a queue for execution. By default, each task gets its own queue and the concurrency is only limited by your environment concurrency limit. If you need more control (for example, to limit concurrency or share limits across multiple tasks), you can define a custom queue as described later. Controlling concurrency is useful when you have a task that can’t be run concurrently, or when you want to limit the number of runs to avoid overloading a resource. It’s important to note that only actively executing runs count towards concurrency limits. Runs that are delayed or waiting in a queue do not consume concurrency slots until they begin execution.

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Default concurrency

By default, all tasks have an unbounded concurrency limit, limited only by the overall concurrency limits of your environment.
Your environment has a base concurrency limit and a burstable limit (default burst factor of 2.0x the base limit). Individual queues are limited by the base concurrency limit, not the burstable limit. For example, if your base limit is 10, your environment can burst up to 20 concurrent runs, but any single queue can have at most 10 concurrent runs. If you’re a paying customer you can request higher burst limits by contacting us.

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Setting task concurrency

You can set the concurrency limit for a task by setting the concurrencyLimit property on the task’s queue. This limits the number of runs that can be executing at any one time:
/trigger/one-at-a-time.ts
// This task will only run one at a time
export const oneAtATime = task({
  id: "one-at-a-time",
  queue: {
    concurrencyLimit: 1,
  },
  run: async (payload) => {
    //...
  },
});
This is useful if you need to control access to a shared resource, like a database or an API that has rate limits.

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Sharing concurrency between tasks

As well as putting queue settings directly on a task, you can define a queue and reuse it across multiple tasks. This allows you to share the same concurrency limit:
/trigger/queue.ts
export const myQueue = queue({
  name: "my-queue",
  concurrencyLimit: 1,
});

export const task1 = task({
  id: "task-1",
  queue: myQueue,
  run: async (payload: { message: string }) => {
    // ...
  },
});

export const task2 = task({
  id: "task-2",
  queue: myQueue,
  run: async (payload: { message: string }) => {
    // ...
  },
});
In this example, task1 and task2 share the same queue, so only one of them can run at a time.

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Setting the queue when you trigger a run

When you trigger a task you can override the default queue. This is really useful if you sometimes have high priority runs. The task and queue definition:
/trigger/override-concurrency.ts
const paidQueue = queue({
  name: "paid-users",
  concurrencyLimit: 10,
});

export const generatePullRequest = task({
  id: "generate-pull-request",
  queue: {
    //normally when triggering this task it will be limited to 1 run at a time
    concurrencyLimit: 1,
  },
  run: async (payload) => {
    //todo generate a PR using OpenAI
  },
});
Triggering from your backend and overriding the queue:
app/api/push/route.ts
import { generatePullRequest } from "~/trigger/override-concurrency";

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const data = await request.json();

  if (data.branch === "main") {
    //trigger the task, with the paid users queue
    const handle = await generatePullRequest.trigger(data, {
      // Set the paid users queue
      queue: "paid-users",
    });

    return Response.json(handle);
  } else {
    //triggered with the default queue (concurrency of 1)
    const handle = await generatePullRequest.trigger(data);
    return Response.json(handle);
  }
}

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Concurrency keys and per-tenant queuing

If you’re building an application where you want to run tasks for your users, you might want a separate queue for each of your users (or orgs, projects, etc.). You can do this by using concurrencyKey. It creates a copy of the queue for each unique value of the key. Your backend code:
app/api/pr/route.ts
import { generatePullRequest } from "~/trigger/override-concurrency";

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const data = await request.json();

  if (data.isFreeUser) {
    //the "free-users" queue has a concurrency limit of 1
    const handle = await generatePullRequest.trigger(data, {
      queue: "free-users",
      //this creates a free-users queue for each user
      concurrencyKey: data.userId,
    });

    //return a success response with the handle
    return Response.json(handle);
  } else {
    //the "paid-users" queue has a concurrency limit of 10
    const handle = await generatePullRequest.trigger(data, {
      queue: "paid-users",
      //this creates a paid-users queue for each user
      concurrencyKey: data.userId,
    });

    //return a success response with the handle
    return Response.json(handle);
  }
}

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Concurrency and subtasks

When you trigger a task that has subtasks, the subtasks will not inherit the queue from the parent task. Unless otherwise specified, subtasks will run on their own queue
/trigger/subtasks.ts
export const parentTask = task({
  id: "parent-task",
  run: async (payload) => {
    //trigger a subtask
    await subtask.triggerAndWait(payload);
  },
});

// This subtask will run on its own queue
export const subtask = task({
  id: "subtask",
  run: async (payload) => {
    //...
  },
});

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Waits and concurrency

With our task checkpoint system, tasks can wait at various waitpoints (like waiting for subtasks to complete, delays, or external events). The way this system interacts with the concurrency system is important to understand. Concurrency is only released when a run reaches a waitpoint and is checkpointed. When a run is checkpointed, it transitions to the WAITING state and releases its concurrency slot back to both the queue and the environment, allowing other runs to execute or resume. This means that:
  • Only actively executing runs count towards concurrency limits
  • Runs in the WAITING state (checkpointed at waitpoints) do not consume concurrency slots
  • You can have more runs in the WAITING state than your queue’s concurrency limit
  • When a waiting run resumes (e.g., when a subtask completes), it must re-acquire a concurrency slot
For example, if you have a queue with a concurrencyLimit of 1:
  • You can only have exactly 1 run executing at a time
  • You may have multiple runs in the WAITING state that belong to that queue
  • When the executing run reaches a waitpoint and checkpoints, it releases its slot
  • The next queued run can then begin execution

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Waiting for a subtask on a different queue

When a parent task triggers and waits for a subtask on a different queue, the parent task will checkpoint and release its concurrency slot once it reaches the wait point. This prevents environment deadlocks where all concurrency slots would be occupied by waiting tasks.
/trigger/waiting.ts
export const parentTask = task({
  id: "parent-task",
  queue: {
    concurrencyLimit: 1,
  },
  run: async (payload) => {
    //trigger a subtask and wait for it to complete
    await subtask.triggerAndWait(payload);
    // The parent task checkpoints here and releases its concurrency slot
    // allowing other tasks to execute while waiting
  },
});

export const subtask = task({
  id: "subtask",
  run: async (payload) => {
    //...
  },
});
When the parent task reaches the triggerAndWait call, it checkpoints and transitions to the WAITING state, releasing its concurrency slot back to both its queue and the environment. Once the subtask completes, the parent task will resume and re-acquire a concurrency slot.